Memento mori is Latin for “remember that you will die.” Christians have used the phrase for centuries, and Psalm 103 shows us how to practice it: remember death, but remember heaven. We endure for a moment, and we enjoy for eternity.
In this post:
- What Does the Bible Say About Life Being Short?
- Why Is Life So Short?
- If Life Is Short, Shouldn’t We Just Live It Up?
- What Does “From Everlasting to Everlasting” Mean?
- What Will Heaven Be Like?
- If This World Is Not My Home, Where Is?
- How Should Christians Practice Memento Mori?
- The Christian Memento Mori: Remember Death, but Remember Heaven
Do you ever get so deep into a task that you kind of get lost in it and lose track of time? You’re dialed into something for 30 or 60 minutes, and you’ve completely neglected the next thing you had to do. Or you get dialed in on your phone and don’t realize you’ve spent half an hour scrolling when you should have been with your family. We tend to get really sucked into whatever is right in front of us.
Here’s a confession that may damage my reputation with some of you: I am a mall person. I really like malls. I like to take my family, have a meal, grab coffee, and walk around. That’s the fun thing for me to do.
And sometimes, before we go, I’ll tell my two toddlers, “Hey guys, go to your piggy bank and get out a little bit of money. If you see something you like at the mall, you can buy it with your own money.” So they grab the $5 or $10 bill they got for Christmas or a birthday.
I bet you can guess what happens when we get to the mall. They spend it at the very first toy kiosk they see. So I try to give them the full picture: “Hey, you know there are a lot of toy stores in this mall. There are other kiosks. There are candy stores. You might want to hold on to it and see everything you get to choose from today.”
But no. No, no, no. The very first toy has captured them, and unless a parent intervenes, that’s where the money goes.
My friends, we are just big children.
That’s just as much in my nature as it is in theirs, and it’s just as much in yours. We focus on, we think about, and we invest in what’s right in front of us. The first thing we see. Not just in the little things, but in the big things.
Here’s the problem with that. The only thing we have seen since the day we were born is this world. We were conceived in iniquity (Psalm 51:5), born under a curse (Ephesians 2:1–3), into a creation groaning under suffering and sin (Romans 8:20–22). You know suffering and sin very well. You’ve seen them every day of your life. It’s all you’ve ever known.
And you know the kingdoms of the world very well, and what they value. Like that first toy kiosk, everything in front of your face has been worldly: worldly gain, worldly wealth, worldly power, worldly authority, worldly comfort. Do you see the problem, if we are big children who focus on what’s right in front of us?
Jesus tells us in John 17 that we are in the world. But even though the world is right in front of our faces day and night, we are not of the world (John 17:14–16). This is not our true home. And that’s a real problem for big kids who focus on what’s in front of their eyes, because we have not seen our true home. We’re far more acquainted with this cursed world than we are with our eternal one.
Martin Luther is quoted as saying this:
We know no more about eternal life than children in the womb of their mother know about the world they are about to enter.
Martin Luther1
And so we need constant reminders of the world we are about to enter. It’s why God gives us the regular rhythm of Lord’s Day worship. It’s why he gives us his Word and calls it daily bread. It’s why he surrounds us with brothers and sisters who are told to encourage us every day. We need constant reminders that this world is not our home.
So I want to be one more of those reminders for you. Christians have long had a name for this kind of reminder: memento mori. I want to remind you how short life is on this earth, and how sweet life is in eternity.
We endure for a moment, and we enjoy for eternity.
That brings us to Psalm 103, which is especially helpful because the whole psalm is set up as a reminder. It opens by telling us to “forget not all his benefits” (Psalm 103:2). So here we are, forgetting not. Remembering.2
As for man, his days are like grass; he flourishes like a flower of the field; for the wind passes over it, and it is gone, and its place knows it no more. But the steadfast love of the LORD is from everlasting to everlasting on those who fear him, and his righteousness to children’s children, to those who keep his covenant and remember to do his commandments. The LORD has established his throne in the heavens, and his kingdom rules over all.
Psalm 103:15–19
What Does the Bible Say About Life Being Short?
Life on earth is short, and our lives are fickle. You might read verse 15, land on the word flourishes, and think, “God’s telling me that I flourish like a flower.” But that’s not what it’s saying in context. The flourishing of a flower doesn’t last. That’s the point.
It takes very little to upend this flower of life. It takes a wind. Not a hurricane. Not someone coming by with a shovel, and certainly not a plow. It takes a wind, a breeze passing over it, and the flower is gone.
So as for you and me, our days are like grass. We’re not promised tomorrow. We’re not in control of the wind. We are not self-existent, and we don’t uphold our own lives. We will not escape death. The wind cannot be stopped. And when it passes over us, we flowers of the field are gone, and our place knows us no more.
Memento Mori Bible Verses
The Bible always talks about life this way. You do see the blessing of long life in a few places, but I can’t think of a single place where God tells us to consider our lives on earth long. Here is how he does describe them:
- A flower of the field that the wind passes over, and then it’s gone (Psalm 103:15–16)
- A breath, and a cloud that vanishes (Job 7:7, 9)
- A mist that appears for a little time and then vanishes (James 4:14)
- Smoke, a shadow, and withering grass (Psalm 102:3, 11)
- Days we are told to number (Psalm 90:12)
God wants you to regard your days on this earth as few. And the description is supposed to shock you. You are a human being made in the image of God, and you are being compared to grass. Do you think of your life in such fickle terms? That’s how God thinks of it, and he wants you to think of it that way too: a flower with no deep roots, gone when the wind passes over.
One of my favorite commentators on the Psalms quotes the early church father Gregory of Nazianzus, and I love this:
Our life on earth, brothers, is such that our existence is very transitory. We play, as it were, a game on earth. We do not exist, and we’re born, and in being born, we are dissolved. We are like a fleeting dream, an apparition without substance, the flight of a bird that passes, a ship that leaves no trace on the sea.
Gregory of Nazianzus3
That’s our life.
Why Is Life So Short?
Why are we like grass, or smoke, or a mist, or a breath? Why is life so short? I think you know the answer: sin.
Death came into this world through one man, our father Adam. God warned him, “In the day that you eat of it you shall surely die” (Genesis 2:17). It wasn’t exactly on that day. God had mercy, and Adam had a number of days. But death came into the world through his sin. Adam was our federal head (our representative before God), so his sin is counted as ours, and in Adam all die (1 Corinthians 15:22).
One thing I’ve had to teach my kids over and over, since they were as little as they’ve ever been, is this: nothing in this world lasts. Nothing. Toys are going to break. The art you made is not going to last forever. Everything breaks in the end, including people.
Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned.
Romans 5:12
Death is part of the curse, and an inescapable part. We cannot cheat it. So tomorrow is not promised, but death is promised. Flourishing is not promised, and tomorrow’s flourishing especially is not promised. But a wind that passes over is promised. The wind is coming for us.
We can get so comfortable here that we feel like this is all there is, because it’s the first toy kiosk we’ve seen and we’ve got $5 in our pocket. But we will not be here long. Charles Spurgeon said it so well in a sermon titled, fittingly, “Memento Mori”:
There are a thousand gates to death, and the roads from earth to Hades are innumerable. From this spot in which I stand there is a straight path to the grave; and where you sit there is an entrance into eternity. Oh, let us consider then, how uncertain life is. Talk we of a hair; it is something massive when compared with the thread of life. Speak we of a spider’s web; it is ponderous compared with the web of life. We are but as a bubble; nay, less substantial. As a moment’s foam upon the breaker, such are we.
Charles Spurgeon4
How do you regard your life? How established do you feel in this world? How can it be your home, when the wind is coming to take you out of it so quickly and the world will forget about you?
The psalmist ends verse 16 by saying that not only is the flower gone, but “its place knows it no more.” Not only do we pass away; the memory of us passes away from the earth. Our roots do not run deep here, and our name does not endure, because this is not our place. If you are in Christ Jesus, this is not your place.
How immortal and invincible do you feel day to day? You may not be thinking it, but how much does your heart believe that your treasures on earth are going to last, that moth and rust won’t destroy and thieves won’t break in and steal (Matthew 6:19)? How sure are you that the status, the titles, the accolades, and the recognition you’ve gathered will always be there?
So we have to remind ourselves: life is short. My days are like a flower of the field that the wind takes as it passes over. I will be uprooted from this world, and I’ll be uprooted quickly.
If Life Is Short, Shouldn’t We Just Live It Up?
Now, the lesson of the brevity of life isn’t nihilism. It’s not “Our days are short, so let’s live it up.” Some wise people in the world do see that life is short when many others don’t, but that’s often the lesson they take away: “Might as well live it up. Invest in everything I can here, because I’m going to be gone.”
That is not the biblical lesson, because this earthly life is not all there is. The wind doesn’t destroy us. It takes us up. There’s a life to come, and the gospel is all about eternal life.
For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.
John 3:16
So though death is part of the curse, God upholds human souls forever. A human soul cannot be extinguished. Not a one. We are immortal: not eternal like God, because we came into existence, but immortal. Souls in hell are not annihilated, and souls in heaven will never have eternal life snatched from them. For every person reading this, death is the end of life on earth, but it is not the end. And Christians know eternal life in Christ Jesus because God has eternal love.
What Does “From Everlasting to Everlasting” Mean?
But the steadfast love of the LORD is from everlasting to everlasting on those who fear him, and his righteousness to children’s children, to those who keep his covenant and remember to do his commandments.
Psalm 103:17–18
Yes, life on earth is short, but only and especially compared to life everlasting. Man’s days are like grass, but the love of the Lord is steadfast, from everlasting to everlasting. Our lives are fickle; his love is not. So when we taste death, it’s not evidence that God doesn’t love us.
In fact, God cares for us as fickle creatures. Just before our passage, Psalm 103 says this:
As a father shows compassion to his children, so the LORD shows compassion to those who fear him. For he knows our frame; he remembers that we are dust.
Psalm 103:13–14
The well of God’s love is so deep that your life on earth can’t hold it. If you are in Christ, this life was never God’s plan for you to taste the fullness of his eternal love. His love is from everlasting to everlasting, and so your experience of it will be everlasting too.
He loved you before the foundation of the world (Ephesians 1:4), before you ever existed. And his love is so great that he will uphold you forever and ever and ever, so that his everlasting love will be everlastingly poured out on you.
Yes, life on earth is short. But life with Christ is unsearchably long. Never-endingly long. Eternal.
Life on earth is all about endurance. It might feel long, but we don’t have to endure for long at all. We endure for a moment, and then we enjoy for eternity. That’s the point of the gospel. Jesus was crucified, buried, and rose again on the third day, conquering death and securing eternal life with him. He died so that when you die, you rise to life. The winds that pass over the fickle flowers of life take some to hell and take others up to Christ.
Why Death Cannot Hurt the Christian
So yes, Christians need to remember death. But in remembering death, we have to remember God’s eternal love. The Puritan Thomas Brooks put it this way:
Christ’s death is a death-conquering death. He has taken away the sting of death, that it cannot hurt you. And his death is a death-sanctifying and death-sweetening death. He has by his death sanctified and sweetened death to us.
Thomas Brooks5
You will die. Death cannot hurt you.
Christ’s death and resurrection make this short life not about this short life.
What would we have to do to earn that everlasting-to-everlasting love? The text tells us: keep his covenant and remember to do his commandments. Here’s the good news. By Christ’s death, all of your covenant-breaking and all of your disobedience was placed on him, and it died with him. And all of his covenant-keeping and all of his obedience was credited to your account. That was always the plan, so that all whom the Father has loved from before time began, he will love forever and hold forever and keep forever.
And Christ did more than obey in our place. By his death and resurrection, he purchased the sanctification that enables us to keep the covenant and obey. His love makes us lovely. His obedience purchases obedience for us. That’s what verse 18 is describing.
Because Christ died and was raised, this short earthly life is about eternal life. It is preparing us to drink deeply, forever, of the love of God. We endure for a moment, and then we enjoy for eternity, and the enduring is all about the enjoying.
Like my toddlers at the mall, we have to remember there’s more than the first toy kiosk you run into with $5 in your pocket. This life is not the point. Eternal life is the point.
In The Pilgrim’s Progress, Christian goes through all kinds of trials and tribulations, but the trials and tribulations are not the destination. The point of the journey is the Celestial City. He passes through the waters of death, and the journey is complete when he arrives there.
This life, Christian, is not about this world’s kingdoms, goods, comfort, rewards, accolades, power, or recognition. It’s about the eternal love of God, which is far greater than anything this world has to offer. And all of those earthly things will pass away, just like us. Treasures on earth don’t last. Nothing does. Kingdoms, kings, power, recognition, even our own names are gone from the earth when we go, because this is not where we belong.
So we live for another day, another home, another kingdom. This is why Paul can say, “For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain” (Philippians 1:21). Gain. Christ defines our life. And because he does, to die is gain, because Christ will define our eternity. His eternal love will be our reward.
What Will Heaven Be Like?
What a sad thing it would be if this were the best life you will ever have. From the moment you were born, all you’ve known is sin and suffering. How sad would it be if that were all there is? But if you are in Christ, it’s not. In fact, it’s quite the opposite. One day sin and suffering will be but a faint and distant memory.
I think there will be a day when the word cancer sounds jarring, because we haven’t heard it in thousands and thousands of years. Even the most enjoyable things in this life will be drowned out by the joys of heaven.
The home we’re going to is a beautiful, wonderful place with pleasures forevermore (Psalm 16:11), where we are with Jesus Christ forever. We cannot begin to wrap our minds around it. That’s Luther’s point: we’re like an infant in the womb trying to imagine the world it’s about to enter. It can’t.
That’s what faith is: the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen (Hebrews 11:1). But the Bible does give us glimpses of that world, so that though we haven’t seen it, some of it has been revealed to us. This is one of the most potent:
And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God.”
Revelation 21:3
If it stopped there, how amazing would that be? But it continues:
“He will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain anymore, for the former things have passed away.”
Revelation 21:4
If you are in Christ, that’s your home. That’s where you belong. And it will be almost all you ever know of your life, though you haven’t known it yet.
Suffering will be a blip. Mourning and crying and pain will be a dot so small you can barely see it. Picture eternal life as an entire Bible. You would need a microscope to find a single atom of it, and your life on earth would be smaller still.
That atom is not the point. The Celestial City is the point. Life is short. Eternal life is long. When the wind blows the flower of life away, from then on you will never stop tasting, seeing, and knowing the everlasting love of Jesus Christ. We endure for a moment, and we enjoy for eternity.
If This World Is Not My Home, Where Is?
In light of eternity, even life in this cursed world is short, and God will make all things new (Revelation 21:5). And it isn’t just our lives that are short. It’s the kingdoms of the world. They are puny next to God’s eternal kingdom. Think of Alexander the Great, Napoleon, the presidents of the United States, the Roman Empire that people thought would never fall. It’s as if the moment a crown is placed on a head, it’s removed again, as if it never touched them at all.
That’s how fleeting earthly kingdoms are compared to the kingdom of heaven. They are small, fickle, gone with the wind. They do not last. But it isn’t so with the kingdom of God.
The LORD has established his throne in the heavens, and his kingdom rules over all.
Psalm 103:19
So here’s the thing. Even though the kingdoms of the world are all you see right now, that doesn’t mean your home doesn’t exist yet, or that God’s kingdom hasn’t been established. Your home exists. Just because you’re not there doesn’t mean it’s not there. It’s there.
Kingdoms, treasures, authority, and status on earth don’t mean there isn’t an ultimate kingdom, with a home prepared for you (John 14:2) and treasures being built up. In this season of endurance, things are not as they seem. God’s kingdom has been established.
The Already and the Not Yet
One day his kingdom will be established visibly, fully, perfectly, and the kingdoms of the world will be wrapped up and gone in an instant. Things will be as they seem, with God on the throne in the fullness of his power. In that sense, we live in the not yet.
But we also live in the already. God’s throne is established now. His kingdom rules over all, even though we don’t see it clearly with our eyes. God is sovereign now. God rules now. So you have a King right now: Christ Jesus, who claims lordship and ownership over all things. He is your Lord now.
So even while we wait for that day, we have an eternal home in this day. If this world is not your home, it’s because you have an eternal one. In fact, you belong to Christ’s kingdom fully now. Being in the world doesn’t mean you belong to the kingdoms of the world. You’re in the world but not of it. So where are you of?
But our citizenship is in heaven, and from it we await a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who will transform our lowly body to be like his glorious body, by the power that enables him even to subject all things to himself.
Philippians 3:20–21
Our citizenship is in heaven: present tense. And from it we await a Savior: future tense. Do you see the already-but-not-yet in that passage? It’s the same push and pull we live in. You will be transformed. You will be given a glorious body on the day we pray for and hope for. But your citizenship is in heaven now.
In other words, we already follow King Jesus.
How Should Christians Practice Memento Mori?
So the point of remembering death is not to live it up and grab all the worldly treasure we can. It’s that none of it is going with us, and so we can live right now as citizens of the kingdom we will live in forever.
Invest in What Lasts
We can invest in eternity now. Remember death, and you’ll remember how silly it is to pour everything into the comfort, wealth, and recognition of this world. It will all fade, and it will fade quickly. What a stupid investment that would be. It’s like putting your time and your money into a paper shredder. That’s what it is to store up treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and thieves break in and steal. We remember death so that we know life is all about Christ Jesus. Again, Paul says, to live is Christ.
The applications are far too many to list, because remembering that life is short and God’s love is eternal is a lifelong, daily task. It affects everything about how we live. Are we investing our money in what is eternally meaningful? Are we spending our time on what matters most? Is our hope in what’s passing away or in what is everlasting? Are we enamored with the praise of people, or with the love of God that is ours forever? Are we grumbling about how long our suffering has lasted, or are we encouraged, as the Bible encourages us, that our affliction is light and momentary (2 Corinthians 4:17)? Do we believe that? Are our priorities earthly or heavenly?
These questions aren’t meant to be a checklist. They’re meant to show how much of a grip the world has on our hearts. Why do we care so much about this world if it is fading so quickly? Why do we care so little about heaven if it is our eternal home?
Dane Ortlund puts it perfectly in Finally Home:
This life is a hotel, not a home. Would any of us staying one night in a hotel get up early in the morning to plant flowers in the garden? Yet that is what we do when we plant our hopes in this life.
Dane Ortlund6
Do you spend the $5 in your pocket at the first toy kiosk you see? Do you get so dialed in to your phone that you forget there’s a world around you? Do you do that spiritually? Remembering death is like remembering that I have to check out of this hotel at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning. This is not my home.
Now, the point isn’t that we escape this world and have little to do in it. We have much to do in this world. But it’s eternal work, heavenly work, Godward work, obedience to our King. It’s not the work the world would have us do. It’s so easy for our hearts to be captured by small and insignificant things. That’s the nature of idolatry: elevating something small and puny above the infinitely glorious God.
Set Your Mind on Things Above
Here’s the foundation for all of it: a heavenly mindset. It starts with remembering, every day, that life is short and God’s love is everlasting. The battle begins in the mind.
You might hear those questions and grow weary: “I’ve got so much work left to do.” Of course you do. Sanctification (the work of God making you holy) is lifelong. That’s kind of the point of this life on earth. So here’s what you need to do today: remember. Constantly remember. Think about eternity.
If then you have been raised with Christ, seek the things that are above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God. Set your minds on things that are above, not on things that are on earth. For you have died, and your life is hidden with Christ in God. When Christ who is your life appears, then you also will appear with him in glory.
Colossians 3:1–4
There it is again: we’ve been raised. This is not our home. Seek the things that are above. Invest in eternal things.
You have been transferred from the kingdom of darkness into the kingdom of light (Colossians 1:12–13). You are in the world, but you are not of the world. Your life is not here; it is hidden with Christ. You have died to this life and been raised to life eternal. Your home is not on earth. It is above.
So set your mind not on what’s around you, like a little child distracted by the first thing he sees, but on what is above, on what is unseen. Walk by faith in the Son of God, confident and assured of the things you do not yet see. That is the Christian life.
Remember, remember, remember, dear friends. Remind yourself often, and put yourself where you’ll be reminded often. If you are surrounded by the world all the time, you need the reminder all the time.
Lean on the Reminders God Has Given You
God has surrounded you with means of grace (the ordinary ways he strengthens his people) to remind you that life is short and his love is everlasting. Here are three of them.
1. His Word. He calls it daily bread, because you need constant reminders of how God sees your life. He wants you reading words like “As for man, his days are like grass.” Daily time in the Word and in prayer is how we live in the world without being of it. God’s Word is a tether to the kingdom we belong to, holding our minds and hearts to our eternal home.
2. His people. He places you in a church full of brothers and sisters who are told to exhort one another every day, so that worldliness doesn’t take hold of your heart (Hebrews 3:13). Are you connected to the people of your church, like your community group?
A particular word to young people: we who are young tend to think we’re invincible. We pour our effort, planning, and money into 5 years from now, 10 years from now, 30 years from now, instead of into eternity. Get around older saints who know life is short not just notionally, in their heads, but experimentally, from experience.
3. The Lord’s Day. If you are in Christ, God has placed you in a weekly rhythm of worship. On the Lord’s Day, the gathered bride of Christ reorients her mind and heart to eternity. Our worship is a foretaste of what’s to come. We sit under the Word, we hear again of the death and resurrection of Christ that purchased eternal life for us, and we pray together, “Come, Lord Jesus.” How are you doing at being there? You need a weekly reminder. That’s why God made a weekly Lord’s Day.
God has put Bible reading, prayer, Christian fellowship, church membership, and Lord’s Day worship into your life. How are you doing at keeping in step with those rhythms? We need those reminders, brothers and sisters. You live in a distracting world where sin and suffering fight for your attention, so you must fight with that same vigor to remember.
The Christian Memento Mori: Remember Death, but Remember Heaven
Spurgeon tells another story, a shocking one.7 Wealthy ancient Egyptians would throw extravagant banquets, feasting and drinking and partying. But after the meal, a servant would carry around a carved, painted corpse in a little coffin (in Plutarch’s telling, a skeleton, a Greek word that literally means a dried-up body, a mummy) and show it to every guest, as if to say, “One day you will be like me. This is coming for you. You may be feasting today, but you will look like me soon enough.”
Those ancient Egyptians knew how to remind one another that death is coming. They got the reminder part down. And I want us to have that level of vigor in reminding ourselves that death is near and life with Christ is eternal.
But I don’t think the Egyptians learned the right lesson. It seems they took it as “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die” (1 Corinthians 15:32), though the historical sources conflict on that. So remember death like the Egyptians did. But then remember what death brings you to, and hope for that day.
We run the race because there’s a glorious moment when we cross the finish line. We are soldiers enlisted in the army of Christ, entrenched in difficult warfare, because there is a day when the war is won. A glorious day.
Remember death. But remember heaven. We endure for a moment, and we enjoy for eternity.
Every time we eat and drink at the Lord’s table, we remember the Lord’s death, and in remembering, we proclaim something (1 Corinthians 11:26). We proclaim that he will come again. We proclaim that he will make all things new. Through his death we have died to the kingdom of darkness and been raised to new life in the kingdom of light. And so, with our minds set on the heavenly kingdom, we await a Savior from heaven.
There will be a glorious day when the battle is won and the finish line is crossed. He will usher in a new heavens and a new earth. And on that day, as will be the case a million years from that day, our eternal enjoyment will have only just begun. What a day! What a thing to proclaim, in remembering the death of Christ that purchased that day for us.
Christ’s body was broken so that the world’s claim on us might be broken, and so that we might belong wholly to God. Christ’s blood was spilled so that we might be redeemed to eternal life, where we enjoy the eternal love of God forever.
Come, Lord Jesus.
Brooks Szewczyk
- Martin Luther, quoted in Matthew McCullough, Remember Heaven: Meditations on the World to Come for Life in the Meantime (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2025).
- Watch or listen to my full sermon, “Man’s Days Are Like Grass,” from Cornerstone Community Church.
- Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 329–390), quoted in Christopher Ash, The Psalms: A Christ-Centered Commentary, vol. 4, on Psalm 103.
- C. H. Spurgeon, “Memento Mori,” Sermon No. 304, preached at Exeter Hall, London, on March 18, 1860, from Deuteronomy 32:29.
- Thomas Brooks, A Believer’s Last Day His Best Day, in The Works of Thomas Brooks, vol. 6 (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust).
- Dane Ortlund, Finally Home: The Christian Hope of Heaven (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2026), chapter 1.
- Spurgeon mentions the Egyptians’ skeleton at the feast in “The House of Mourning and the House of Feasting” (preached September 3, 1854). The ancient accounts differ on the details and on what the custom meant: see Herodotus, Histories 2.78, and Plutarch, Isis and Osiris 17 and Dinner of the Seven Wise Men 148A–B.
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